Psychosocial theory by Erik Erikson

Psychosocial theory by Erik Erikson Temperaments in human beings come in opposing pairs. One could either be emotional or unemotional, independent or dependent, aggressive or passive, adventurous or cautious, optimistic or pessimistic, leader or follower etc. Most of the mentioned character traits are inborn but some are developed based on past challenges and support.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Psychosocial theory by Erik Erikson specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In his study, Erik Erikson discovered the dependence of behavior on culture and external stimuli like depression and wars. This paper explores the psychosocial theory of Erik Erikson and analyses its application in professional practice (Cherry, 2010, p. 1). Erikson’s psychosocial theory basically divides life into eight â€Å"psychosocial crises† that determine growth and personality. Each of these crises has a â€Å"syntonic and a dystonic† which are the two opposing emotional forces/dispositions. Although the stages are experienced in a fixed sequence, their timings depend on individuals and circumstances. Thus Erikson did not use strict age definitions in his theory. The crises are as follows: Trust V Mistrust. Erikson stipulated that a healthy balance between the two dispositions is achieved if an infant is taken care of and not over-protected or over-indulged. Autonomy V Shame Doubt. A child develops basic confidence or over-reliance on other people from his/her parents reactions during early stages like the potty stage. Initiative V Guilt. The level of encouragement of children to indulge in game playing and adventure makes them develop the ability to devise projects or the fear of disapproval. Industry V Inferiority. A child who positively succeeds, especially, during school years will be industrious. Contrarily, a child who fails in an activity will get a feeling of inferiority and uselessness and thus he/she will fear purpose ful activities. Identity V Role confusion. During adolescence, people either develop individuality or lack of identity (identity crisis) depending on their experiences. Intimacy V Isolation. This is also known as young adulthood. People seek companionships and love in this stage. A person will therefore decide to be intimate or lonely depending on earlier experiences. Generativity V Stagnation. This stage determines if a person will be selfless in giving and caring especially for his children. It can also be extended to productive activities. Its negative side is self-absorption and self-interest. Integrity V Despair. At this stage, a person is either in peace with himself/herself and the world or he/she feels that he/she has not lived the way they ought to have lived. It is therefore a review of one’s own life even before old age (Winters, 2005, p. 1). Successful transition through each stage is achieved by balancing of the conflicting extremes. Therefore, inclination towar ds the desirable extreme will lead to under-development. Thus Erikson shows that too much of syntonic dispositions do not translate to a well-balanced personality (Cherry, 2010, p. 3). Erikson was a humanitarian as well as a psychoanalyst and therefore his theory has extensive applicability in practice. The theory is applicable in all situations involving personal development and awareness. With its strength in explaining the development of behavior in people, it can be used to ensure healthy behavioral development. It can also be used to mitigate the effects of negative behavior developed by a person in earlier stages. Thus the person can be controlled to ensure that his/her later stages are not affected by failures in earlier stages. From the above explanation, Erikson’s theory is applicable in parenting, managing and coaching, self understanding, dealing with conflict, teaching, etc. Given the contemporary pressures on relationships and personal fulfillment and development , Erikson’s theory is, probably, more applicable today than when it was first outlined (Cherry, 2010, p. 2).Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The theory also shows the undeniable influence of generations on each other. He shows how parental actions can affect the development of a child and how a parent’s psychosocial development can be affected by the pressures of raising their children. This analysis can be very useful in guiding parental actions to ensure that parents do not affect the psychosocial development of their children negatively. This will have dual productivity by leading to well-balanced psychosocial development of the child and the parent since a parent’s Integrity V Despair stage is highly determined by the success that the parent has achieved in raising his/her children. The outcome of most of the discussed stages is dependent o n the maintenance of a positive attitude in challenging situations. The theory can therefore be applied by psychiatrists to identify challenges that could impact the psychosocial lives of their clients and ensure that the effects of these challenges are mitigated (Harder, 2002, p. 1). Reference List Cherry, K. (2010). Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development. Web. Harder, A. (2002). The Developmental Stages of Erik Erikson. Web. Winters, A. (2005). Erikson’s Theory of Human Development. Web.

Thesis Essay essays

Thesis Essay essays Can animals detect natural disasters? Can animals detect minor personal events like coming home from work? That is what I will try to answer today. Some animals have other senses, some of those are unexplained, and some may have the ability to detect disasters or minor events. However at our current state of knowledge and technology all humans can do is speculate. A number scientific studies have proven that penguins in the Antarctic are moving north towards the equator because of cooling in the poles, is it noticeable yet, no, and is it going to affect the penguins eventually, yes it will. So who told the penguins that in the years to come, that it will be uncomfortably cold, was it me, was it you, I think not. However they found out about this scary phenomenon, it certainly brings up some interesting questions. Rats are known to evacuate a building prior to earthquake or a fire; this point that has been tried, tested and true can raise an eyebrow. Many of the World Trade Center survivors of the terrorist attacks on September 11th have said they had seen rats fleeing the site before and during that incident. Since the disaster at the world trade center was not a natural disaster like an earthquake or a hurricane, to think how rats could have known prior to the actual event is amazing. This also brings up another question Why were there rats in the world trade center, and if they were there then where else are these elusive creatures. On a more domestically proven note, my own dog Cozmo, a Jack Russell Terrier, consistently barks before the arrival of the people who give me a ride to school in the morning. Nearly all breeds of dogs have been known to bark at potentially dangerous people. It does raise interest to know how a seemingly simple minded dog is aware of things beyond human comprehension. Also a number of animals have another sense in addition to ours, which include sight ...

Business Performance Indicator Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Performance Indicator Systems - Essay Example As the discussion stresses  a common business performance indicator system helps businesses to set target periodically and provide feedback to managers on progress towards those goals. The business performance Indicators are developed for all levels in an organization because they monitor progress with respect to all the activities, inputs, outputs, goals, targets and outcomes.This essay discusses that developing the indicators to monitor the outcomes allow managers to assess the degree at which the intended outcomes are achieved. Therefore business performance indicator development is a core activity and requires data collection, analysis and reporting in order to create effective indicators. Business performance indicator systems consist of different types of indicators that are used for measuring different areas. For instance, the financial indicators are used to measure the financial performance of the company. These include premium growth, claim’s ratio and profit.  I n order to improve the performance of the company, the senior management always set certain performance indicators that help in measuring and improving the performance. As mentioned above these indicators that are set to measure the activities, inputs, outputs, outcomes and goals of the company, provide very important feedback to the management system.  They help managers in identifying those parts of the company that may not be achieving its results as planned.